DIABETIES .
Overview
Metabolic disorders refer to a group of conditions that affect the way the body converts food into energy. These disorders can disrupt the body’s ability to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, leading to a range of symptoms and health problems.
There are many different types of metabolic disorders, including:
Diabetes: Diabetes is a condition in which the body is unable to properly use and store glucose (a type of sugar). This can lead to high blood sugar levels and an increased risk of complications such as heart disease and kidney damage. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 422 million people worldwide had diabetes in 2014. This equates to about 8.5% of the global population.
Lipid disorders: Lipid disorders refer to conditions that affect the levels of fats (such as cholesterol and triglycerides) in the blood. High levels of these fats can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 38% of adults in the United States have high cholesterol and about 34% have high triglycerides.
Inborn errors of metabolism: Inborn errors of metabolism are rare genetic conditions that affect the body’s ability to process certain nutrients. These conditions can lead to a range of symptoms and complications, including developmental delays, organ damage, and even death.
Thyroid disorders: The thyroid is a gland in the neck that produces hormones that help regulate metabolism. When the thyroid is not functioning properly, it can lead to conditions such as hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone production) or hyperthyroidism (high thyroid hormone production). Thyroid diseases are, arguably, among the commonest endocrine disorders worldwide. India too, is no exception. According to a projection from various studies on thyroid disease, it has been estimated that about 42 million people in India suffer from thyroid diseases
Treatment for metabolic disorders may include lifestyle changes (such as diet and exercise), medications, and in some cases, surgery. It’s important to work with a healthcare provider to properly diagnose and manage a metabolic disorder.
Health impact
Over time, diabetes can damage the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Adults with diabetes have a two- to three-fold increased risk of heart attacks and strokes. Combined with reduced blood flow, neuropathy (nerve damage) in the feet increases the chance of foot ulcers, infection and eventual need for limb amputation.
Diabetic retinopathy is an important cause of blindness and occurs as a result of long-term accumulated damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. Close to 1 million people are blind due to diabetes. Diabetes is among the leading causes of kidney failure.
People with diabetes are more likely to have poor outcomes for several infectious diseases, including COVID-19.
Diagnosis and treatment
Early diagnosis can be accomplished through relatively inexpensive testing of blood glucose.
Interventions that are both cost-saving and feasible in low- and middle-income countries include:
blood glucose control, particularly in type 1 diabetes. People with type 1 diabetes require insulin, people with type 2 diabetes can be treated with oral medication, but may also require insulin;
blood pressure control; and foot care (patient self-care by maintaining foot hygiene; wearing appropriate footwear; seeking professional care for ulcer management; and regular examination of feet by health professionals).
THYROID.
Overview
Thyroid disease
Adults with diabetes have a two- to three-fold increased risk of heart attacks and strokes.
Combined with reduced blood flow, neuropathy (nerve damage) in the feet increases the chance of foot ulcers, infection and eventual need for limb amputation.
Diabetic retinopathy is an important cause of blindness and occurs as a result of long-term accumulated damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. Close to 1 million people are blind due to diabetes.
Diabetes is among the leading causes of kidney failure .
People with diabetes are more likely to have poor outcomes for several infectious diseases, including COVID-19.
How is thyroid disease diagnosed?
Early diagnosis can be accomplished through relatively inexpensive testing of blood glucose.
Interventions that are both cost-saving and feasible in low- and middle-income countries include:
blood glucose control, particularly in type 1 diabetes. People with type 1 diabetes require insulin, people with type 2 diabetes can be treated with oral medication, but may also require insulin;
blood pressure control; and
foot care (patient self-care by maintaining foot hygiene; wearing appropriate footwear; seeking professional care for ulcer management; and regular examination of feet by health professionals).
Blood Presure.
Overview
Blood pressure is the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your arteries. Each time your heart beats, it pumps blood into the arteries. Your blood pressure is highest when your heart beats, pumping the blood. This is called systolic pressure. When your heart is at rest, between beats, your blood pressure falls. This is called diastolic pressure.
How is high blood pressure diagnosed?
What are the different types of high blood pressure?
There are two main types of high blood pressure: primary and secondary high blood pressure.:
- Primary, or essential, high blood pressure is the most common type of high blood pressure. For most people who get this kind of blood pressure, it develops over time as you get older.
- Secondary high blood pressure is caused by another medical condition or use of certain medicines. It usually gets better after you treat that condition or stop taking the medicines that are causing it.